“Case Series of Transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation (TESPAL) for epistaxis and review of literature.”

Abstract

Background:
Epistaxis is a common condition, with about 6% of cases requiring medical intervention due to severe or recurrent bleeding. Posterior epistaxis often necessitates surgical management when conservative measures fail.

Objective:
To assess the effectiveness of transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation (TESPAL) in refractory epistaxis.

Methods:
A case series of six patients with severe or recurrent epistaxis unresponsive to conservative treatment was analyzed. All patients underwent TESPAL. performed with or without middle meatal antrostomy. Outcomes included bleeding control, complications, and hospital stay.

Results:
All patients achieved complete control of epistaxis following TESPAL. The procedure was associated with minimal complications, good patient tolerance, and reduced hospital stay.

Conclusion:
TESPAL is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive option for managing refractory epistaxis, offering high success rates with low morbidity and shorter hospitalization.